India's Economic Survey 2025-26, published by the Government of India. It provides comprehensive historical and projected economic data across categories like national income, agriculture, industry, budget, prices, balance of payments, trade, external debt, and human development indicators. The document spans 233 pages, with data often backdated to the 1950s and including provisional estimates (PE), revised estimates (RE), and advance estimates (AE) up to 2025-26.
Key sections from the table of contents include:
- National Income and Production (e.g., GDP components, agricultural yields, industrial production).
- Budgetary Transactions (e.g., government receipts, expenditures, liabilities).
- Monetary Trends (e.g., bank credit, monetary aggregates).
- Prices (e.g., wholesale and consumer price indices, minimum support prices).
- Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade (e.g., reserves, exports/imports by country/commodity).
- External Assistance and Debt (e.g., outstanding debt, currency composition).
- Human Development Indicators (e.g., life expectancy, literacy, labor force participation).
- High Frequency Indicators (new addition; monthly data on power consumption, GST, UPI, stock indices, etc.).
The data uses the 2011-12 base year series for most national accounts. Notes indicate sources like the National Statistical Office (NSO), and estimates for recent years (e.g., 2024-25 PE, 2025-26 AE) are subject to revision.
Key Data Extract: Table 1.1 - Gross National Income (GNI), Net National Income (NNI), and Per Capita NNI
This table provides historical data from 1950-51 to 2025-26 (advance estimates) at current and constant (2011-12) prices. It highlights India's economic evolution, showing nominal growth driven by inflation and real growth reflecting productivity gains.
Here's the full table in a structured format (aggregated by decades for brevity; full year-by-year details available in the PDF):
| Year | GNI (Current Prices, ₹ crore) | GNI (Constant Prices, ₹ crore) | NNI (Current Prices, ₹ crore) | NNI (Constant Prices, ₹ crore) | Per Capita NNI (Current Prices, ₹) | Per Capita NNI (Constant Prices, ₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-51 | 10,181 | 495,274 | 9,531 | 448,483 | 265 | 12,493 |
| 1960-61 | 17,561 | 734,466 | 16,680 | 694,569 | 384 | 16,004 |
| 1970-71 | 46,533 | 1,082,340 | 43,598 | 1,011,757 | 806 | 18,702 |
| 1980-81 | 147,408 | 1,464,390 | 135,470 | 1,352,931 | 1,995 | 19,925 |
| 1990-91 | 568,564 | 2,486,353 | 513,966 | 2,292,078 | 6,126 | 27,319 |
| 2000-01 | 2,117,153 | 4,286,910 | 1,902,148 | 3,924,698 | 18,667 | 38,515 |
| 2010-11 | 7,552,665 | 8,211,816 | 6,756,720 | 7,373,384 | 56,971 | 62,170 |
| 2011-12 (Base) | 8,659,505 | 8,659,505 | 7,742,330 | 7,742,330 | 63,462 | 63,462 |
| 2020-21 | 19,587,409 | 13,493,976 | 17,246,821 | 11,661,217 | 127,244 | 86,034 |
| 2021-22 | 23,319,590 | 14,827,920 | 20,652,786 | 12,872,132 | 150,906 | 94,054 |
| 2022-23 | 26,520,166 | 15,939,376 | 23,390,925 | 13,851,412 | 169,145 | 100,163 |
| 2023-24 (1st RE) | 29,710,786 | 17,404,638 | 26,350,374 | 15,175,671 | 188,892 | 108,786 |
| 2024-25 (PE) | 32,589,848 | 18,523,133 | 28,909,595 | 16,151,199 | 205,324 | 114,710 |
| 2025-26 (1st AE) | 35,158,997 | 19,873,388 | 31,193,630 | 17,327,240 | 219,575 | 121,968 |
Key Insights from Table 1.1:
- Nominal vs. Real Growth: Current-price figures show rapid nominal expansion (e.g., GNI grew from ₹10,181 crore in 1950-51 to ₹35,158,997 crore in 2025-26 AE), largely due to inflation. Constant-price data (adjusted for inflation) reveals real economic growth, with GNI increasing ~40 times since 1950-51.
- Per Capita Income Trends: Real per capita NNI (constant prices) grew from ₹12,493 in 1950-51 to ₹121,968 in 2025-26 AE, indicating about a 9.8x increase in living standards over 75 years. Recent years show recovery post-COVID, with 2025-26 AE projecting ~6.3% real growth from 2024-25 PE.
- Recent Projections: For 2025-26 (advance estimates), real GNI growth is estimated at ~7.3% over 2024-25 PE, reflecting optimism in post-pandemic recovery. Per capita real income is projected to cross ₹120,000, signaling continued progress toward middle-income status.
- Historical Context: Growth accelerated post-1991 reforms (e.g., per capita real income doubled from ~₹27,000 in 1990-91 to ~₹55,000 by 2008-09). Dips occurred during events like the 1965-66 drought or 2020-21 pandemic.
Overall Document Insights
- Economic Recovery and Projections: Data up to 2025-26 AE suggests robust growth in GDP components, exports, and forex reserves, with challenges in inflation (from price indices) and external debt.
- Agriculture and Industry: Crop production and industrial indices show steady gains, but yield improvements are uneven across states.
- Human Development: Improvements in literacy (up to 74% nationally by 2011), life expectancy, and reduced infant mortality, but regional disparities persist (e.g., higher stunting in rural areas).
- High Frequency Indicators (Section 9): Monthly data (e.g., UPI volumes, GST collections) indicate digital economy growth and industrial rebound in 2025.
If "decode it" refers to a specific table, calculation (e.g., growth rates), or section, provide more details for clarification! For example, Table 1.2 in the PDF covers annual growth rates derived from this data.
