Blackheads are a type of comedone that form when skin pores get blocked with dead skin cells and sebum (oil secreted by sebaceous glands). When the blocked material is exposed to air, it oxidizes and turns dark, creating the characteristic black appearance. This dark colour is not dirt, as commonly believed.
They commonly appear on the face, neck, back, chest, arms, and shoulders.
Treatment and prevention of blackheads
1. Salicylic acid
Helps dissolve excess oil and dead skin cells
First-line ingredient for blackheads and whiteheads
May cause sensitivity in some users, so frequency should be adjusted
2. Chemical exfoliants (AHAs and BHAs)
Includes retinoic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid
Help resurface skin by removing dead skin buildup
Common formulations combine AHAs (≈25%) and BHAs (≈2%)
3. Skin brushing
Provides mechanical exfoliation
Helps remove dead skin cells
Should be limited to once a week to avoid irritation
4. Clay and charcoal masks
Work through adsorption (binding impurities to the surface)
Help reduce oil, unclog pores, and remove debris
Address key causes: oil, dead skin, and blocked pores
5. Manual extraction
Involves steaming and comedone removal tools or strips
Can increase risk of irritation or bacterial infection
Generally not recommended for frequent use
6. Moisturizing
Important for all skin types, including oily skin
Prevents overactivity of sebaceous glands
7. Avoid comedogenic products
Non-comedogenic skincare and makeup helps prevent pore blockage
Key insight
Blackheads are primarily caused by clogged pores and oxidation, not dirt accumulation. Effective management focuses on controlling oil production, exfoliation, and maintaining skin barrier health.
